Literals
A number, character or a date included in SELECT statement
Date and char literal values must be enclosed within single quotation marks
Char values are case sensitive and date value is format sensitive
Date default format: DD-MON-RR
A number value in ’ ’ is a string and arithmetic operations cannot be applied to it
’s can be escaped by using ”s
Logical Operators
They are used in DQL statements to filter the output to match specific conditions.
NOT, AND, OR, IN, NOT IN, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL
<>, !=, ^= : Not Equal
ORis very resource intensive and should be avoid whenever possible
SELECT FROM employees WHERE ename='John' AND sal=3000;
SELECT FROM emp WHERE ename NOT IN ('SCOTT', 'SMITH');LIKE Operator
The LIKE Condition is used along with the SELECT Command then pattern matching is to be performed
LIKE cannot be used along with NOT IN. Multiple conditions need to be specified using the OR operator
% : 0 to N Characters
_ : Exactly 1 Character
SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE '_a%';
SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE '%a%';BETWEEN Operator
When using the BETWEEN Operator the upper and lower limit is also included
It also works along with date and string values